Eine CO₂-Steuer wäre aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Sicht dem bisherigen klimapolitischen Sammelsurium aus Subventionen und Ordnungsrecht (Gebote, Verbote, Grenzwerte, Quoten usw.) überlegen. Der entscheidende Nachteil einer CO₂-Steuer liegt darin, dass sie zwar den Preis für CO₂ festsetzt, aber keine Obergrenze für Emissionen umfasst. Hier ist der Emissionshandel einer CO₂-Steuer überlegen. Trotz der überzeugenden Vorteile marktwirtschaftlicher Instrumente ist zu befürchten, dass eine grundsätzliche Neuausrichtung der Klimaschutzpolitik in Deutschland und der EU ausbleiben wird. Stattdessen dürften bestehende Instrumente immer dann angepasst werden, wenn negative Begleiterscheinungen zu offensichtlich werden. In Summe bleibt die Klimaschutzpolitik damit weniger effektiv als möglich und teurer als nötig.
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